Kidney Stones: Causes, Symptoms and Prevention
Medically reviewed by Dr. Nikhil Singh, Anaesthesia, MBBS, MD
Last reviewed: 25 Aug 2026 · How we review health content
Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys. Small stones may pass on their own, while larger ones can cause severe pain and may need a procedure to remove or break them up.
Common Symptoms
- Severe pain in the side, back or lower abdomen
- Pain that comes in waves
- Blood in the urine
- Nausea and vomiting
- A frequent urge to urinate
Treatment Options
- Plenty of fluids and pain relief for small stones
- ESWL (shock wave lithotripsy) to break up stones
- PCNL or ureteroscopy for larger stones
How to Lower Your Risk
- Drink enough water through the day
- Reduce excess salt
- Moderate intake of stone-forming foods as advised
- Follow your doctor’s advice if you have had stones before
Frequently Asked Questions
How are large kidney stones removed?
Common options include ESWL (shock waves to break the stone) and PCNL (keyhole removal). A urologist chooses based on the stone size and location.
How can I prevent kidney stones?
Staying well hydrated is the single most helpful step, along with reducing excess salt and following any specific dietary advice from your doctor.
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Medical Disclaimer
The information provided in this article is for general informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read in this article.
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Common options include ESWL (shock waves to break the stone) and PCNL (keyhole removal). A urologist chooses based on the stone size and location.
Staying well hydrated is the single most helpful step, along with reducing excess salt and following any specific dietary advice from your doctor.
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Written by Dr. Nikhil Singh
Anaesthesia, MBBS, MD
Last reviewed: 25 August 2026
Medical Disclaimer
The content provided on Zospital is for general informational and educational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. If you think you may have a medical emergency, call your doctor or emergency services immediately.
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